Knowledge You Can Trust, Insights You Can Use

Kenneth A. Essenwanger

August 3, 2025

Fine Structure Physics, LLC

For over a century, theoretical physicists have been searching for the link between classical mechanics (CM) and quantum mechanics (QM), including the quantization and root cause of gravity, [A. Pais (Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY, 2008), dark energy (DE), dark matter (DM), and an understanding of the big bang (BB) from time zero and before. For example, the Hamilton and Lisle [arXiv: gr-qc/0411060v2 (2006)] river-model
theory of Black Holes (BHs) describes the flow of energy into a BH carrying matter with it like fish in a stream. In cosmology, Huterer [Cambridge University Press & Assessment, New York, NY (2023)] describes the need to understand the mechanism of the ratio of baryons-to-photons and why that ratio is so small. Similarly, ever since Dirac’s [Letters to the Editor, Nature (1937)] Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), a universal understanding of the fine structure constant (FSC) has been desired. The objective is to validate novel theories with known data in astrophysics by individual study in theoretical physics. This resulted in the novel Certainty Principle and NonEquivalence Principle, which are in juxtaposition with Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle in QM and Einstein’s Equivalence Principle in CM, respectively. A novel solution of Dirac’s LNH is validated with the discovery that the FSC, approximately 1/137.0, is encoded in the Sun's geometry. By analogy, novel equations for a cyclic universe are validated by the empirical ratio of baryons-to-photons, detailed as 𝜂 = ((6.12 +/- 0.04)⨯10x^-10) [unitless] to a more precise value of 𝜂 ≡ t_PL⨯c⁴ ≅ (6.1587 ⨯10^-10)) [unitless] where t_PL is Yalev’s [Proceeding House of the Romanian Academy, Series A, Vol. 20 #4 (2019)] corrected-Planck-time. Furthermore, the universe’s measured matter vs. energy percentages of 31.0 ±0.7% and 69.0 ±0.7%, respectively, are more currently validated and updated to 30.7% and 69.3%, respectively, for the late universe. For the early universe, the calculated baryonic mass and photonic-energy’s equivalent-mass are 39.0% and 61.0%, respectively. Hypothetical Einstein-Rosen Bridges (ERBs) [Physical Review, Volume 48 (1935)] between graviton-likeparticles (GLPs) and DM-particles were indirectly validated. Gravity is naturally quantized with DE, exhibiting wave-particle duality by GLPs. DE originates from vacuum space and flows into gluons in baryonic matter, DM particles, and gluon plasma (GP). Fine Structure Theory of Everything (FSTOE) builds on the river-model theory. Electromagnetic (EM) and Higgs field theories are enhanced with emergent properties of vacuum permeability, permittivity, FSC, and novel Planck viscosity. The novel Planck viscosity constant ɳ_PL is a fundamental constant of nature instead of Newtonian gravitational constant GN. At the Big-Bounce (within one-sigma of time zero), the grand unified energy of the cyclic universe, with zero entropy, is estimated to be one billion solar diameters as opposed to a BB point singularity. The arrow of time is always forward for the cyclic universe collapses (contracts) at the critical reversal time of 9.803 trillion years. In addition, the cosmological constant problem [S.M. Carroll, Cambridge University Press & Assessment; New York, NY (2019)] is solved. FSTOE makes the connection to an 11-dimensional space-time string-supergravity M-theory [P. Nath, (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2017)] and holography theory [G. ‘t Hooft, arXiv:1405.1548v3 [quant-ph] (2015)] to known cosmological phenomena and data that physicists have long sought after.